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观察|美方宣布对中国电动汽车等产品加征关税,专家:意在展示强硬争取关键选民_我的网站

A |
在美国大选紧张升温之际,总统拜登冒着对华关系恶化的风险打出“关税牌”。 
Rescuers emerge from the mine after more than 10 hours of underground search operations at the Liushenyu coal mine in Changzhi, North China's Shanxi Province on May 23, 2026. Photo: Xinhua
China is stepping up the intelligent transformation of its high-risk coal mines, as the country's top economic planner and energy regulator rolled out a new development plan during the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-30) period that calls for greater use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots in hazardous underground operations.
The National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration (NEA) on Monday announced a plan that emphasizes the need to strengthen coal's role as a foundational and balancing pillar in China's energy supply system while accelerating high-quality development in the sector, according to the NEA's website.
According to the plan, China will deepen its "AI Plus" initiative in the coal industry by collecting and integrating AI-related data and expanding the use of AI across key scenarios such as exploration and design, construction and production, operation and maintenance, and safety management.
The plan also calls for faster development of specialized large-language AI models for the coal sector, with breakthroughs needed in intelligent perception, autonomous decision-making and intelligent control. It also emphasizes the need to establish a number of pilot coal mines for the integrated application of AI, and improvements in coal mine safety.
The plan specifically targets intelligent upgrades at disaster-prone mines and those that have experienced major accidents, pushing for robotic substitution at hazardous posts, according to the document.
Industry observers said that the move signals a shift in China's coal mine automation efforts from pilot projects to large-scale deployment. High-risk tasks such as tunneling, inspection, rescue, roof support and blasting are emerging as priority areas for substitution by robots.
Hangzhou-based DEEP Robotics has been focusing on the use of quadruped robots for mine inspections and emergency rescue. In May, the company worked with the Zhejiang Provincial Emergency Management Department and other agencies to unveil its embodied intelligent equipment and conducted a live reconnaissance and rescue drill in a mine tunnel in Changshan, East China's Zhejiang Province, the company told the Global Times on Monday.
Using DEEP Robotics' Lynx M20 wheeled-legged robot as its mobile platform, it innovatively integrates large-language models and an onboard platform, and is equipped with a dual-spectrum pod, 5G module, edge computing unit, and other equipment.
Meanwhile, Lingbao CASBOT has formed a joint venture, to focus on the research and application of embodied intelligence robots for underground mining, according to the Beijing Daily. The company has since become involved in key processes such as rock drilling, blasting charge loading and support installation.
Such AI-powered equipment could significantly improve mine disaster warning and emergency response capabilities, helping mines transition to "less-manned" and "unmanned" operations and reducing human workers' exposure to danger, Lin Boqiang, director of the China Center for Energy Economics Research at Xiamen University, told the Global Times on Monday.
Lin said that robots have a clear advantage in dangerous tasks such as patrol inspections in 50 C deep shafts, gas leak detection, and heavy lifting. "For robots, these are exactly the jobs they should be taking on," he said.
Market research firm Zhiyan Consulting estimated that the market for mining robots grew to 2.85 billion yuan ($42.24 million) in 2025.
。

China is stepping up the intelligent transformation of its high-risk coal mines, as the country's top economic planner and energy regulator rolled out a new development plan during the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-30) period that calls for greater use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots in hazardous underground operations.
The National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration (NEA) on Monday announced a plan that emphasizes the need to strengthen coal's role as a foundational and balancing pillar in China's energy supply system while accelerating high-quality development in the sector, according to the NEA's website.
According to the plan, China will deepen its "AI Plus" initiative in the coal industry by collecting and integrating AI-related data and expanding the use of AI across key scenarios such as exploration and design, construction and production, operation and maintenance, and safety management.
The plan also calls for faster development of specialized large-language AI models for the coal sector, with breakthroughs needed in intelligent perception, autonomous decision-making and intelligent control. It also emphasizes the need to establish a number of pilot coal mines for the integrated application of AI, and improvements in coal mine safety.
The plan specifically targets intelligent upgrades at disaster-prone mines and those that have experienced major accidents, pushing for robotic substitution at hazardous posts, according to the document.
Industry observers said that the move signals a shift in China's coal mine automation efforts from pilot projects to large-scale deployment. High-risk tasks such as tunneling, inspection, rescue, roof support and blasting are emerging as priority areas for substitution by robots.
Hangzhou-based DEEP Robotics has been focusing on the use of quadruped robots for mine inspections and emergency rescue. In May, the company worked with the Zhejiang Provincial Emergency Management Department and other agencies to unveil its embodied intelligent equipment and conducted a live reconnaissance and rescue drill in a mine tunnel in Changshan, East China's Zhejiang Province, the company told the Global Times on Monday.
Using DEEP Robotics' Lynx M20 wheeled-legged robot as its mobile platform, it innovatively integrates large-language models and an onboard platform, and is equipped with a dual-spectrum pod, 5G module, edge computing unit, and other equipment.
Meanwhile, Lingbao CASBOT has formed a joint venture, to focus on the research and application of embodied intelligence robots for underground mining, according to the Beijing Daily. The company has since become involved in key processes such as rock drilling, blasting charge loading and support installation.
Such AI-powered equipment could significantly improve mine disaster warning and emergency response capabilities, helping mines transition to "less-manned" and "unmanned" operations and reducing human workers' exposure to danger, Lin Boqiang, director of the China Center for Energy Economics Research at Xiamen University, told the Global Times on Monday.
Lin said that robots have a clear advantage in dangerous tasks such as patrol inspections in 50 C deep shafts, gas leak detection, and heavy lifting. "For robots, these are exactly the jobs they should be taking on," he said.
Market research firm Zhiyan Consulting estimated that the market for mining robots grew to 2.85 billion yuan ($42.24 million) in 2025.
。
5月14日,据美国白宫声明,拜登政府将继续保留其前任特朗普政府实施的关税政策,并加征对其他中国商品的关税。声明称,加征关税的措施将影响价值180亿美元自中国进口的商品,包括电动汽车、钢铁和铝材、医疗用品、半导体、电池、关键矿物、太阳能电池和起重机等。其中,针对中国电动汽车的关税将从目前的25%提升至100%。
“中方一贯反对违反世贸规则单方面加征关税,将采取一切必要措施维护自身正当权益。”外交部发言人汪文斌当天下午回应称。
复旦大学国际问题研究院院长、美国研究中心主任吴心伯接受澎湃新闻(www.thepaper.cn)采访时表示,拜登政府这一轮对中国的“关税战”,主要是出于国内选举政治的需要,在“铁锈地带”(编注:指工业衰退且蓝领工人集中的地区,包括宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、威斯康辛州)摇摆州选民关心的经济问题上对华展现出强硬姿态,旨在争取这些关键选民的支持。

B |
彭博社分析称,考虑到前述被瞄准的中国商品并不依赖美国消费者,因此拜登对华征收新关税更多是“象征性的”。不过,放眼长远,吴心伯则认为,这一举措基本排除了未来中国新能源车进驻美国市场的可能性。另一方面,也会对欧盟等对中国新能源车开展调查的国家产生恶劣的示范效应。
实际上,今年以来,中美关系呈现止跌企稳的态势,高层互动频繁,双方在禁毒、执法、人工智能、农业、卫生、气变等具体领域取得一些进展。

C | 但需注意的是,美国仍继续在经贸、科技等领域对华奉行遏制打压政策。
“美国最近的一些行动,包括美国商务部将37家中国实体列入贸易黑名单以及新出台的关税措施,意味着中美此前一段时间的‘脆弱的稳定’阶段被打破,接下来对美斗争的一面会更加突出。”吴心伯分析称。
近年来,中国电动车在国际上的“异军突起”引起了华盛顿官员对本国清洁能源产业发展的担忧,尤其是在美国大选年的背景下,拜登政府决定祭出这张“关税牌”,以争取关键摇摆州选民的支持。这一举措实则酝酿已久,早在去年12月底,《华尔街日报》便透露,拜登政府正讨论提高对电动汽车等中国商品的关税。

D |
从数据来看,去年中国汽车出口首次超过日本跃居世界首位。其中,新能源汽车出口120.3万辆,同比增长77.6%。在价格方面,中国制造的电动汽车也更具有竞争力。据国际能源署数据显示,许多车型的售价低于10万元人民币(1.5万美元)。与之相比,在美国最便宜的电动汽车(如雪佛兰Bolt)售价也要约21万人民币(3万美元),是中国电动汽车的两倍。
不过,澎湃新闻查询海关总署统计数据显示,去年中国出口至美国的电动汽车数量(“仅装有驱动电动机的主要用于载人的机动车”)仅逾一万辆,在出口总量中占比不足1%。《华尔街日报》的报道也表示,此前25%的关税税率已经起到了让中国电动车企业对美国市场望而却步的作用。而正是由于“中国电动汽车目前在美国市场的渗透率极低”,投资机构Evercore ISI的分析人士认为,提高关税带来的“短期经济影响微乎其微”。
海关总署查询结果,去年1至12月,中国出口至美国的“仅装有驱动电动机的主要用于载人的机动车”的数量
即便如此,美国不少官员仍在渲染中国电动车的“威胁”,包括俄亥俄州参议员布朗在内的民主党人,敦促拜登采取更严厉的措施以保护美国汽车工业,“征收关税还不够,我们需要禁止中国电动车进入美国”。实际上,对于是否调整特朗普政府时期的对华征税,拜登的经济顾问多年来意见不一,贸易官员主张提高关税,而财政部长耶伦等人则呼吁降低消费品关税。不过,随着中国清洁能源出口规模的扩大,保护本国的清洁能源行业、打压中国电动汽车已逐渐成为美国两党的共识。
更为关键的是,拜登对华加征新一轮关税的时机,正值他与前总统特朗普展开激烈选战之际。

E | 随着11月总统大选的临近,两党候选人争相对华展示强硬姿态,试图获得更多摇摆州选民的支持。早在今年3月,共和党总统候选人特朗普就呼吁对中国汽车征收100%的关税。在近期的一次演讲中,他还暗示将对中国公司在墨西哥工厂生产的汽车征收200%的关税。
吴心伯分析称,出台关税举措主要是服务于选举政治的需要,此次瞄准的清洁能源产品等则是宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、威斯康辛州选民关心的问题,而这些摇摆州的选票对拜登非常重要。

F |
长期以来,拜登政府试图通过电动汽车转型重振美国“铁锈地带”的制造业,借助高关税将更具市场竞争力的中国电动汽车拒之门外,能够保护美国本土汽车工业的发展。出于类似的考虑,拜登上个月曾在宾夕法尼亚州有着“钢铁之都”之称的匹兹堡向选民承诺,将当前对华钢铝关税翻至3倍以上,以保护当地产业和劳动者。

G |
目前,据《华尔街日报》的一项民调显示,2024年大选竞争最激烈的七个摇摆州中,特朗普在六个州领先于拜登,原因是选民普遍对国家经济不满,对拜登的能力和工作表现也深表怀疑。(编注:在今年的大选中,摇摆州主要有7个,按照区域划分主要有三类:第一类是“铁锈地带”的宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、威斯康辛州;第二类是西南边境的亚利桑那州、内华达州;第三类是东南部的北卡罗来纳州、佐治亚州。)
“止跌企稳”常用来界定今年以来的中美关系的态势。如今美方新一轮关税措施出台,专家分析这标志着中美在贸易领域的对抗升级,此前相对稳定的状态或将告一段落。

H | 而随着美国大选形势的紧张化,两党候选人或将加大打“中国牌”的力度,这也预示着双边关系可能将出现更多波动。
美国国务卿布林肯此前在回应美国大选与中美关系相关问题时对澎湃新闻表示,正如拜登总统所说,中美两国将持续地就我们之间所存在的分歧进行明确沟通,最大限度降低误判和误解,这是我此行和接下来会继续做的。这本身与选举周期无关。
吴心伯分析指出,随着美国大选的升温,美国政府和国会层面都可能根据选举的需要在对华问题上“出招”。这实际上就会破坏此前一段时期中美关系的“脆弱稳定”状态。

I | 不仅是在经贸领域,接下来,双方在金融、技术、外交等领域的不稳定因素会显著上升。
值得注意的是,不少西方媒体也从经济、能源转型的角度分析了对华加征关税实则“损人不利己”。据美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)报道,一些经济学家警告说,增加关税有可能重新引发与中国的“贸易战”,并在此过程中损害美国自身的经济。因为关税本质上是对美国企业和消费者征税,增加了进口商品的成本。

J | 因此,这可能会导致通货膨胀,损害就业增长。
美国海关及边境保护局5月3日发布的数据显示,自特朗普政府时期对中国进口商品加征关税以来,美国消费者已经为太阳能电池板、钢铝等进口中国的商品支付了超过2300亿美元的关税。
《华尔街日报》则分析认为,寻求把最经济实惠的中国电动汽车拒于美国市场之外,将拖累拜登政府减少碳排放与缓解气候变化的目标。目前,美国正投入数以千亿美元的资金发展本国的清洁能源产业,但拜登政府却试图在实践这一目标时与中国这一清洁能源制造领域的领先者划清界限。
另一方面,欧盟针对中国电动车的反补贴调查正在推进,据美国政治新闻网站Politico分析称,预计欧方将很快会对进口中国电动车加征临时关税。

K | “欧洲主张对华加征关税的官员肯定会从美国的行动中受到鼓励。

L | ”不过,吴心伯分析称,部分欧洲国家也对加征关税有所顾虑,像是依赖中国市场的德国就会担心其在华车企遭到中方反制。
5月14日,针对美方在原有对华301关税基础上,进一步提高对自华进口的电动汽车、锂电池、光伏电池、关键矿产等产品加征关税的做法,中国商务部新闻发言人表示,中方坚决反对并严正交涉。美方出于国内政治考虑,滥用301关税复审程序,进一步提高部分对华产品加征的301关税,将经贸问题政治化、工具化,是典型的政治操弄,中方对此表示强烈不满。世贸组织早已裁决301关税违反世贸组织规则。美方非但不予以纠正,反而一意孤行,一错再错。

M |
发言人称,美方提高301关税违背了拜登总统“不寻求打压遏制中国发展”“不寻求与中国脱钩断链”的承诺,也不符合两国元首达成的共识精神,这将严重影响双边合作氛围。

N | 美方应立即纠正错误做法,取消对华加征关税措施。中方将采取坚决措施,捍卫自身权益。
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